Everything you ever wanted to know about Elon Musk’s Hyperloop super train

Inventor, philanthropist, billionaire, and titan of industry Elon Musk unveiled a 57-page plan yesterday for a super-speed train that would take passengers between LA and San Francisco in just 30 minutes.

We previewed it, and we covered it.

But there’s a lot more to know about the Hyperloop — a high-speed train-in-a-tube that makes all other high-speed trains look like they’re stuck in first gear — including the current fastest train in the world in regular operation, the 268 mph Shanghai maglev train, which I’ve personally ridden.

You could all read those 57 pages — or scan these Cole’s Notes.

The basic Hyperloop concept in a nutshell:

• People-carrying capsules running through a long metal tube
• 28-person capacity
• 40 total capsules in activity at rush hour
• Almost a cross between the pneumatic tube delivery systems in old buildings and a Japanese bullet train
• Capsules float on cushions of air like hockey pucks
• Tube is elevated on 25,000 concrete pylons

The Hyperloop’s speed and initial routes:

• Up to 760 miles per hour, or Mach .91 at the tube’s air pressure
• Slowing to 300 mph for turns
• Compares to most airplanes’ speed of 550 mph
• At Hyperloop speeds, travel time from L.A. to San Francisco is 30 minutes
• Additional cities to be added later: San Diego, Sacramento, and Fresno

Costs:

• Passenger capsules: $1.3 million each
• Car and cargo capsules: $1.5 million each
• Stations: $125 million each
• Tube, pillars, and stations: $4 billion, or $5.31 billion for a larger tube with higher capacity
• Total cost: $6.1 billion
• Comparison: the proposed California High Speed Rail project is estimated at $68.4 billion

Air, pressure, and pumping:

• Atmospheric pressure inside the tube: 17 percent of the pressure of Mars, which is already only 1 percent of Earth at sea level
• Equivalent to the air pressure on earth at 150,000 feet, four times higher than most airplanes fly
• There’s still too much pressure against the capsules, so each capsule pumps air from the front to the back via a compressor — and uses some of it to float on like a hockey puck

Power:

• All power is provided by solar panels on the top of the 381-mile-long tube
• Energy cost per passenger: less than 100 megajoules (about 3/4 of a gallon of gas)
• Energy cost per car in cargo capsules: about 220 megajoules
• Per-passenger comparisons: car (800 MJ), motorcycle (900MJ), airplane (1100 MJ)

Ticket prices and round-trip travel times:

• Hyperloop: $40 round-trip
  1 hour 10 minutes total travel time
• Airplane: $158 round-trip
  2 hours 30 minutes total travel time
• Car: $115 round-trip (gas only)
  11 hours total travel time
• Proposed California High Speed Rail: $210 round-trip
  5 hours total travel time

Safety and reliability

• Capsules always connected via radio with station operators
• Redundant power supplies on-board
• Backup mechanical braking mechanism in case electrical motors fail
• Oxygen masks for passengers deploy in case of depressurization
• Tube can be rapidly re-pressurized if needed
• Tube built with flexibility to withstand earthquakes

Motors

• Motors are in the tubes, not the capsules
• Hyperloop uses linear induction electric motors, similar to those in the Tesla
• The linear induction motor works via electromagnetism
• Motors are only required for about one percent of the tube: initial speed-up and quick top-ups every 70 miles
• Most of the time, capsules simply coast